tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81017809634016780462023-11-15T09:25:12.642-08:00Tout sur les éléphantsDécouvrez tout sur ces grands mammifères.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-4741918074636689052013-02-25T08:37:00.000-08:002013-02-25T08:37:00.080-08:00Similitude de l’éléphant avec l’homme<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Quelques
unes des expériences du cycle de vie adulte d'un éléphant sont très similaires
à celle d'un humain. Tous deux continuent à se reproduire jusqu'à une certaine
période de la vie. Tout comme l’homme, l'éléphant connaît également des
symptômes post-reproductifs. Dans le cas des femelles, elles éprouvent une
longue phase de post-reproduction qui est semblable à la ménopause humaine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">L'intervalle
entre les naissances est généralement compris entre deux ans et demi à quatre
ans. Ceci est principalement dû à la très longue période de gestation de
l'éléphante. De ce fait, il n'est pas difficile de comprendre pourquoi une mère
et sa famille deviennent tellement attachés au bébé éléphant qu’elle aura porté
en gestation pendant 22 mois. Le jour de délivrance est un moment rempli de
joie pour toute la famille.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Il est très courant d’observer les membres de
la famille se presser autour de la mère et de son nouveau-né pour les saluer avec
des bruits joyeux, la tête et les oreilles hautes, les sécrétions des glandes
temporales qui coulent sur les côtés de leurs visages, etc. En effet, cet événement
ne peut être décrit que comme de la vraie joie et de la célébration :
chaque éléphant partage l'excitation de la famille pour le nouveau-né qui vient
d’arriver au monde.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">L’éléphant
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l'âge. L'éléphant peut souffrir de problèmes cardio-vasculaires, ainsi que d'arthrite
liée à l'âge. En dépit de ces maladies liées à l'âge, l'éléphant peut naturellement
vivre une longue vie s’il n'est pas abattu. Au cours de cette longue durée de
vie, les troupeaux de femelles continueront à nourrir leurs petits, tandis que
les troupeaux de mâles vont errer sur de grandes distances à la recherche de
troupeaux de femelles. Ils continuent d'être actifs pour se reproduire jusqu'à
environ 50 ans. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">La durée de
vie moyenne d'un éléphant est de 70 ans. Leur durée de vie est limitée par le
fait qu’une fois que leur dernière dent s'use, il va surtout mourir de faim. Il
est possible donc pour un éléphant de vivre 70 ans ou plus.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-30598371501899291932013-02-22T08:36:00.000-08:002013-02-25T01:29:33.341-08:005 choses à savoir sur les éléphants<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">1. Le cerveau
de l’éléphant pèse entre 4 et 6 kilos chez un mâle adulte. Il est logé dans un
crâne qui pèse facilement 300 kilos. </span><br />
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souris, on compte entre 600 et 650 pulsations à la minute. Chez les animaux, la
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tache qu’il ne peut voir directement. Si on lui présente un miroir, l’éléphant
passe sa trompe sur la tache : cela démontre qu’il reconnait son image et
que par conséquent, il a conscience de lui-même. En dehors de l’homme, seules
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Les troupeaux
d’éléphants vivent selon une organisation sociale qui détermine rôle et place
pour chaque membre. Leur société est matriarcale. Auparavant, on a pu recenser
des troupeaux d’éléphants comptant prés de 100 membres. </span><br />
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groupe, les éléphanteaux se sentent en sécurité et passent le plus clair de
leur temps à jouer. Ils se bousculent, testent leurs forces, dans la plus
grande insouciance parfois jusqu’à 5 ans. La gestion des éléphanteaux incombe
au troupeau qui veille collectivement sur eux. Chaque bébé est pris en compte
par les autres membres du groupe. Ainsi, l’orphelin qui perd sa mère est adopté
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le cri de
l’éléphant est le barrissement. Le pachyderme grogne également. La portée des
infrasons des grognements peut être de 20 kms. C’est un moyen de communication
au sein du groupe, mais aussi avec les autres troupeaux.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-26217636804458310052013-02-20T08:33:00.000-08:002013-02-25T01:30:40.714-08:00Parcs et survies des éléphants<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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l’éléphant est le lion en Afrique et le tigre en Asie, surtout si l’on sait que
ceux-ci s’attaquent plutôt aux éléphanteaux. Exceptionnellement, un groupe de
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hélas, l’homme est le principal responsable de cet état de fait. La chasse à
l’éléphant a été très pratiquée dans les années 30 et 40, en premier lieu pour
utiliser l’ivoire de leurs défenses. Le commerce d’ivoire a été intense
pendant des décennies. Pour entretenir ce business, un braconnage massif a
eu lieu surtout en Afrique pendant de longues années. L’ampleur des massacres a
fini par émouvoir et scandaliser tous les amis de la nature. Il en est né la
convention de Washington interdisant le commerce d’ivoire de défenses
d’éléphants en 1989. </span><br />
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populations d’éléphants. C’est le cas de la déforestation et des réductions de
l’habitat naturel des animaux. Dans certains pays d’Asie, les forêts naturelles
ont rétrécies de plus de 60%. En manque d’espace vital pour survivre à l’état
sauvage, les éléphants ont commencé à disparaitre. Seuls les éléments domestiqués
ont pu survivre durablement à cette situation. Pourtant, leur situation n’est
pas plus enviable, car il s’agit de véritables bêtes de somme. Souvent victimes
de mauvais traitement, ils sont beaucoup utilisés dans les exploitations forestières
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liés à la vie dans leur habitat commun. Par exemple en Asie, des personnes
tuent des éléphants et des éléphants tuent des hommes. En Inde par exemple, on
compte prés de 300 victimes d’éléphants sauvages chaque année. A cause de la
déforestation, les ressources en végétation des habitats se réduisent. Dans
leur quête de nourriture, les éléphants contribuent à détruire le peu qui
reste, voire les cultures vivrières des populations humaines. En réaction, les
populations s’en prennent aux grands pachydermes : ils sont héla abattus.
Par la suite, le reste de la troupe tend à développer un comportement agressif
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comme c’est le cas au Park Kruger en Afrique du Sud. La chasse et l’abattage
sont strictement encadrés, souvent pour des besoins de préservation des écosystèmes.
En effet, dans certaines régions, les programmes de protection ont si bien
réussis qu’on assiste à un surpeuplement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Le
musth est un phénomène biologique propre à l’éléphant. Le mot, qui vient du
persan, est utilisé en Inde pour caractériser le comportement de l’éléphant
mâle durant la période de reproduction. </span></div>
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Le phénomène est déclenché par la
glande temporale des éléphants mâles. La glande située entre l’œil et l’oreille
libère des secrétions noirâtres faites de frontaline. Le musth entraine chez un
éléphant un intense état d’excitation. On a pu mesurer une augmentation du taux
de testostérone, jusqu’à plus de 50 fois qu’en période normale.</div>
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Il se produit périodiquement,
soit une à deux fois dans l’année. La durée et l’intensité du musth est lié à
l’âge de l’animal. Si pour les jeunes males, le musth ne dure que quelques
jours, il peut aller jusqu’à quatre mois pour les grands males. C’est donc un
révélateur du statut social de l’animal au sein du territoire et de la
communauté.</div>
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Les animaux deviennent très
agités. Certains sont agressifs et se livrent parfois à de rudes combats.
Ainsi, c’est également l’occasion d’établir une hiérarchie entre les males.</div>
<div class="spip" style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Le phénomène est plus documenté
chez l’éléphant d’Asie, notamment avec les animaux vivant en captivité. En
période de musth, il est difficile de les contrôler et il n’est pas rare que
des animaux domestiqués attaquent et tuent leur maitre dans des accès de
violence inouïe. Pour éviter les incidents, il est d’usage de les maintenir
solidement attachés tout au long du musth. Ils ne travaillent pas durant toute
cette période et font l’objet d’une surveillance attentive. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-52015180662746205702013-02-17T08:28:00.000-08:002013-02-17T08:28:00.161-08:00Les défenses de l’éléphant<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Les défenses sont en réalité des incisives supérieures très allongées.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elles sont directement implantées dans le
crane de l’animal, ce qui explique qu’on ne peut les extraire qu’en tuant
l’animal. Les défenses grandissent tout au long de la vie de l’éléphant. Chaque
défense croit en moyenne de 15 cm par an. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Chez l’éléphant, les défenses servent pour de nombreux usages. Les défenses
peuvent servir d’armes puissantes et dévastatrices pour attaquer ou se
défendre. Ce sont également des outils qui aident à retourner le sol pour
trouver des racines tendres et des tubercules. On considère aussi qu’elles
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Un constat surprenant a montré que chez les éléphants d’Asie, la moitié des
mâles n’ont pas de défenses. Quant aux femelles, elles en sont complètement
dépourvues.</span></div>
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très chère et recherchée est l’objet d’un trafic intense, car son commerce
international est interdit. Depuis longtemps, les éléphants d’Afrique ont été
massacrés pour leurs défenses. Les mâles d’Afrique ont les plus longues
défenses. Une défense peut peser jusqu’à 50 kilos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Quant aux
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transversales tapissent toute la couronne de la dent d’éléphant. Comme les
éléphants n’ont pas de canine, une barre sépare les molaires des incisives. L’éléphant
n’a pas d’incisive sur sa mâchoire inférieure : rappelez-vous, celles de
sa mâchoire supérieure vont constituer ses défenses. </span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-84519859470162454732013-02-15T08:26:00.000-08:002013-02-15T08:26:00.135-08:00Les éléphants dans l’Histoire<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">L’ancêtre le
plus lointain-connu-de l’éléphant moderne est le Moeritherium. Cet animal est
apparu il y a plus de 36 millions d’années. Pas très grand, il mesurait environ
2 mètres de long. Le Moeritherium n’avait pas de défenses et disposait d’une
trompe de tapir.</span></div>
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il y a de cela 25 millions d’années, apparaissent les Mastodontes. A leur
époque, on les retrouve principalement en Europe et en Asie. Le Mastodonte
était très grand. Son épaisse toison était faite de longs poils. Ses défenses étaient
immensément longues et étaient très recourbées.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">L’ancêtre de
l’éléphant moderne le plus populaire est le Mammouth. Rendu célèbre à travers
la télé et les films de cinéma, il apparait en Afrique et se distingue par
ses défenses impressionnantes. Celles-ci pouvaient mesurer plus de 3 m de long.
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hauteur. Le Mammouth avait une bosse – en fait, sa réserve de graisse- sur le
dos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Leurs
représentations sur les murs des grottes montrent qu’ils furent contemporains
de l’homme préhistorique. Ce dernier les chassait pour se nourrir de sa chair et
se vêtir de sa fourrure épaisse. Quant aux défenses, elles servaient à la
fabrication d’objets d’usage quotidien tels que des parures, des bols, etc.</span></div>
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éléphants furent domestiqués par l’homme. Ainsi, ils sont utilisés dans les
guerres par les Perses notamment avec Xerxès et les Romains. De même, les armées
d’Hannibal, roi de Carthage, utilisaient des éléphants pour la guerre. Il sert
également pour la chasse, notamment en Inde pour la chasse aux tigres des
Maharadjahs. Aujourd’hui encore, l’éléphant d’Asie est utilisé pour des taches
qui exigent sa force sans commune mesure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Si les
éléphants sont aujourd’hui menacés, cela est dû essentiellement au commerce de
leurs défenses. Celles-ci sont en ivoire et font l’objet d’un trafic malgré
l’interdiction de la vente au niveau mondial. Des contrebandiers et des
braconniers sans scrupules continuent de menacer l’existence de cet animal
imposant.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-89565663790596914972013-02-14T08:25:00.000-08:002013-02-14T08:25:00.173-08:00Les célébrations et marques de joie chez les éléphants<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Les éléphants expriment souvent ce qui peut seulement être
décrit comme des manifestations de joie dans de nombreuses facettes de leur
vie. En raison de notre manque de connaissance sur leurs expressions, seules
les manifestations les plus visibles et les plus communes peuvent être
partiellement compris. Certaines situations dans lesquelles les éléphants
montrent une joie explicite sont lors de la salutation d'un ami ou d’un membre
du groupe (voire même un homme), après la naissance d'un éléphanteau ou encore
lors des jeux.<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"></span></div>
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En général, cette expression de joie se déroule sous la
forme d'une cérémonie d'accueil. Évidemment, il y a d'autres aspects de cette
cérémonie qui ne sont pas bien identifiés, mais la joie est l'un des facteurs
les plus dominants. Lorsque les membres d’un groupe ou des amis se rencontrent,
on a pu observer qu’ils peuvent être – collectivement- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>impliqués dans une réunion joyeuse. </div>
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Ceci est habituellement observé lorsqu'un ami ou un membre
de la troupe a été absent pendant une longue période. Quand ce membre revient,
un accueil incroyable se produit. Au cours de cette séance de salutations, les
éléphants lui tournent. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Avec la tête
haute et des battements d’oreilles, ils remplissent l'air avec une symphonie de
grondements, de hurlements et des barrissements.<br />
<br />
De nombreux témoignages sont enregistrés sur les faits que les éléphants interagissent
avec leur environnement et participent à des jeux de lancer d’objets, de torsion,
et d’autres interactions selon les caractéristiques de ces objets. En règle
générale, les éléphants commencent une de leurs sessions de jeux par des petits
barrissements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>De même, les éléphants peuvent
se livrer autant à des jeux solitaires qu’à des jeux en groupe. </div>
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En règle générale, chez de nombreuses espèces animales, ce
comportement vis-à-vis du jeu est limité aux animaux de bas âges qui passent
par une phase de croissance. Celle-ci implique une flexibilité de comportement
pour les préparer à survivre dans le monde. Pourtant, chez les éléphants, ce
type de jeu implique autant les éléphants jeunes que les vieux : tous
agissent dans des expressions de leur personnalité qui passe par l’amusement. </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-10988334516007194132013-02-13T08:24:00.000-08:002013-02-13T08:24:00.707-08:00Le saviez-vous? La trompe est un organe vital chez l’éléphant.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Probablement l'une de ses caractéristiques morphologiques les plus
intéressantes, la trompe de l'éléphant est un organe musculaire extrêmement
flexible. C’est parce que la trompe de l’éléphant comporte en fait 6 principaux
groupes musculaires, qui sont subdivisés en plus de 100.000 unités musculaires.
Ces muscles sont divisés en deux séries distinctes de paires. L’animal peut l’utiliser
avec une touche très raffinée. C’est un outil important pour la vie d'un
éléphant, car il est utilisé comme un organe d'exploration, mais aussi pour se
nourrir, pour boire, comme un tuba pour nager dans l'eau et accessoirement pour
des jeux de lutte amicale entre membres du groupe.</div>
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Au premier signe de danger, l'éléphant élèvera sa trompe en
l’air pour chercher à sentir toute raison de menace. Elle est également utilisée
pour toute une série de tâches sensorielles : c’est l'un des principaux
outils sensoriels de l'éléphant. La peau qui recouvre la face avant est annelée
de petites crevasses et présente un revêtement rare de fins poils sensoriels. C’est
un des organes les plus sensibles chez l’éléphant.</div>
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Ainsi, un éléphant teste différentes odeurs avec sa trompe
en plaçant la pointe à l'intérieur de sa bouche après avoir touché un objet.
Cela transfère l'odeur vers une petite ouverture dans son palais qui conduit à
l'organe de Jacobson (un organe accessoire de l'odorat chez les vertébrés).</div>
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Que ce soit pour sentir l'odeur d’une femelle et voir si
elle est sexuellement réceptive, ou pour explorer la nourriture dans la bouche
d'un autre éléphant, la trompe joue un rôle essentiel dans la vie de cet animal.
En fait, il est presque impossible qu’un éléphant puisse survivre si sa trompe est
endommagée.<br />
<br />
Bien que la plupart des mammifères utilisent leur nez uniquement pour aspirer
de l'air, les éléphants utilisent leur trompe pour le stockage de l'eau. Elle
leur sert également pour aspirer la boue et de la poussière pour se nettoyer ou
se rafraîchir. Un éléphant peut garder en moyenne 4 litres d'eau dans sa trompe.
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L’éléphant d'Afrique a deux doigts sur le bout de sa trompe,
ce qui lui facilite la saisie des objets. Quant à son congénère d'Asie, il ne
dispose que d'un seul doigt au bout de sa trompe et utilise plutôt sa trompe
pour ramasser des objets. Ainsi, un éléphanteau peut soulever environ 4,5% de
son propre poids avec sa trompe : dans le cas d'un mâle adulte, cette
charge moyenne varie autour de 270 kg. Il faut cependant garder à l'esprit que chaque
éléphant pris comme individu dispose de capacités propres de force.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-85690481256143137252013-02-12T08:22:00.000-08:002013-02-12T08:22:00.563-08:00L’éléphant, un animal super intelligent ? <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sans ambigüité, OUI ! C’est bien le cas. Alors que le
cerveau de l'éléphant est le plus grand en taille parmi les mammifères
terrestres, il n'occupe en réalité qu'une petite zone à l'arrière du crâne.
Toutefois, en proportion à la taille du corps, le cerveau de l’éléphant est
plus petit que le cerveau humain. Malgré cela, l'éléphant est l'un des seuls
animaux – en compagnie de tous les grands singes (y compris l’homme), des
cachalots et de quelques autres créatures- a avoir un gros cerveau par rapport
à la taille du corps. Or, il existe un lien entre taille du cerveau et
flexibilité mentale, pour ne pas dire intelligence.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ainsi, chez l'éléphant d'Afrique mâle, le cerveau peut peser
entre 4,2 et 5,4 kg contre 3,06 à 4,03 kg pour la femelle. Toutefois, cette
différence dans la taille du cerveau entre les sexes n'est pas liée à
l'intelligence. Chez les mammifères, la taille du cerveau a aussi un rapport
avec la complexité et la richesse de la structure sociale. Des études de
comportement des éléphants ont permis d’illustrer des actions très intelligentes
chez des éléphants femelles, qui sont égales ou qui dépassent celles des
éléphants mâles. </div>
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Étudier la taille du cerveau sans le mettre en rapport avec
la taille du corps n'est généralement pas très utile. Compte tenu du fait que
les femelles sont généralement plus petites que les mâles, la différence
globale dans la taille du cerveau est sans conséquence. En outre, le cerveau et
la conscience de la femelle sont très différents de celle d'un mâle. Les
éléphants sont élevés pour interagir avec leur mère de manière très différente
dès la naissance. Alors que les femelles forment un groupe très proche aux
liens constamment maintenus entre membres, les mâles sont plus nomades par
nature.</div>
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Fait intéressant, la croissance et le développement du
cerveau de l'éléphant sont semblable à ceux de l’homme. Tant l'éléphant que
l'homme naissent avec des masses cérébrales considérées comme petites. La masse
du cerveau de l'éléphant nouveau-né est de 35% de celle de l'adulte, tandis que
pour l’homme, le taux est de 26%. Ainsi, il y a une croissance et un
développement considérables au fur et à mesure que l’animal grandit. Comme la
masse du cerveau va augmenter, plus importante sera la capacité d'apprentissage
des jeunes éléphants.<br />
<br />
Aussi, sans surprise, les données recueillies à partir de ces détails
anatomiques, ainsi que des études comportementales, suggèrent que l'éléphant
est un animal très intelligent. Mais çà, on le savait depuis bien
longtemps !</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-86937776721574194002013-02-11T08:21:00.000-08:002013-02-11T08:21:00.227-08:00Les caractéristiques uniques d'une peau éléphant<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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En plus de la fonction de protection que la peau joue chez
toutes les espèces, il existe plusieurs caractéristiques uniques d'une peau
éléphant qu’il est intéressant de connaitre.</div>
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Ainsi, contrairement à ce qu’on pourrait croire en observant
l’animal, la peau de l'éléphant n'est pas très épaisse, sauf dans le dos et sur
les côtés. À ces endroits, on peut compter entre 2 et 3 centimètres d'épaisseur
selon l’animal. Cette peau qui est très protectrice est marquée avec des plis
striés ressemblant à des excroissances verruqueuses : elles sont plus abondantes
sur le tronc et sur le front de l’animal. </div>
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Une peau d'éléphant est très sensible au soleil : c’est
pourquoi la plupart des bébés sont constamment protégés par leurs mères pour leur
éviter les brûlures du soleil. Pour mieux protéger leur peau des rayons du
soleil, les éléphants se vautrent régulièrement dans la boue et se couvrent de
poussière. Une autre fonction de la peau est de réguler sur la température corporelle,
notamment à travers la transpiration. L'effet le plus visible en est la
présence de peau qui est sèche au toucher, même si elle est aussi douce et
souple.</div>
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Chez l'éléphant, on constate une absence de glandes
sudoripares. Les seules glandes visibles sur la peau de l'éléphant sont les
glandes mammaires et les deux glandes temporales : une de chaque côté de
la tête entre l'œil et l'oreille. La glande temporale est un organe énorme qui
pèse environ 1,5 kg : elle produit chez l’éléphant mâle adulte une sécrétion
très parfumée qui ruisselle vers le bas du côté de la face. Quant aux glandes
mammaires, elles sont à peu près de la même taille et forme que le sein d'une
femme. L'identification du sexe de l'éléphant sur le terrain peut être une
tâche difficile : la présence de glandes mammaires ou de sécrétion
temporale se révèle une aide précieuse.
<br />
La couleur naturelle de la peau est noire grisâtre à la fois chez les animaux d'Afrique
et d'Asie. A l'observation, on remarque que la couleur apparente de la peau est
déterminée par la couleur du sol de la région : la coloration est donc en
rapport avec l'habitude qu’à l'éléphant de se jeter de la boue sur le dos. </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-6274212084453912022013-02-09T08:19:00.000-08:002013-02-09T08:19:00.849-08:00L'impact des éléphants sur leur environnement<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Avec la diminution des terres sauvages d'aujourd'hui, l'impact de l'éléphant
sur son environnement est un sujet qui ne peut plus être ignoré. En effet, les
informations et la sensibilisation sur ce sujet peuvent permettre d'éviter les
généralisations trompeuses.</div>
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Le rapport des hommes aux éléphants est parfois empreint de
méconnaissance, voire de mauvaise foi. Ainsi, quand les éléphants modifient
l'environnement lors de leur recherche de nourriture, on appelle cela de la
destruction. Quand c’est l’homme qui modifie ce même environnement, on parle
alors de développement. Pourtant, cette vision très répandue que les éléphants
ne sont que « des bulldozers » qui détruisent tout sur leur passage
est très loin de la réalité.</div>
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En plus d'avoir un impact bénéfique sur la terre, les
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terre sous forme de fumier très fertile et à peine digéré.</div>
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Ils modifient leur habitat en convertissant les savanes et
les forêts en prairies. De plus, ils arrivent à fournir de l'eau à d'autres
espèces par l’intermédiaire des trous d'eau qu’ils creusent dans les lits de
rivières à sec. Il faut savoir également que les dépressions créées sur le sol
par leurs empreintes et leurs corps massifs se transforment en réceptacles
d’eau lors des pluies. </div>
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Par rapport à la flore, les éléphants agissent comme des
agents de dispersion des graines par leur matière fécale. Cette matière est
souvent transportée dans le sous-sol par les bousiers et les termites,
permettant ainsi à la terre d’être plus aérée et de bénéficier de plus de
nutriments. On a également pu observer que les chemins des troupeaux d’éléphants
peuvent servir de coupe-feu et de conduits d'eau de pluie. Enfin, un voyage
d'éléphants à travers l'herbe haute fournit de la nourriture pour les oiseaux
en perturbant les petits reptiles, les amphibiens ou les insectes.</div>
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Les éléphants jouer un rôle vital dans l'écosystème où ils
habitent. Par conséquent, la protection des éléphants devient alors beaucoup
plus qu'une simple question sur la façon de protéger une seule espèce. Plus que
de cela, il est plutôt question de prendre soin d’une espèce qui joue un rôle
important dans un écosystème. Comprendre cela, c’est arriver à prendre soin
d’une faune riche et de la puissance créatrice de la nature. <br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-1166631407279925642013-02-08T08:18:00.000-08:002013-02-08T08:18:00.135-08:00Cycles de vie de l'éléphant<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Les schémas d'accouplement des éléphants offrent des
informations clés dans les structures familiales et les comportements durant le
cycle de vie. Ces schémas d'accouplement sont uniques car les éléphants ne limitent
pas l'accouplement à un moment précis de l'année. </div>
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En effet, la famille d'éléphants est dirigée par une
matriarche : celle-ci étant la plus ancienne et la plus expérimentée du
troupeau. Ce groupe matriarcal se compose de ses filles et leurs petits. Dans
certains cas, il peut inclure l'une des sœurs de la matriarche ainsi que sa
descendance. C'est ce contact étroit et ces relations familiales qui permettent
au reste des éléphants d'acquérir des connaissances qui seront utilisées en cas
de besoin. Une unité familiale de base d’éléphants africains compte entre six à
douze membres. Cependant, les familles de douze éléphants ou plus sont assez
courantes dans certains zones.</div>
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Les éléphanteaux mâles, au fur et à mesure qu'ils
grandissent et que la puberté approche, deviennent progressivement plus
indépendants du groupe familial. Ils vont d'abord passer plus de temps à la
périphérie du groupe. Finalement, les mâles quittent leur famille de naissance
et vont se joindre à d'autres mâles d'âges différents pour former une bande.</div>
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Ainsi, quand l'éléphant mâle désire une activité sexuelle,
il se rapproche du troupeau dirigé par une matriarche. La situation qui se
développe implique que le mâle poursuive la femelle jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit
prête pour l’accouplement. Une fois que le mâle finit son activité, il rejoint
le troupeau de mâles célibataires ou s’en va errer de son propre chef. C'est ce
comportement masculin qui met en lumière la famille matriarcale chez l’éléphant.</div>
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De ces deux groupes - les groupes féminins familiaux et les bandes
de mâles - le groupe des femelles apparaît comme l'unité sociale la plus stable
et durable. Souvent, lorsque les groupes se séparent, ils maintiennent une association
étroite entre eux, ce qui implique par exemple de voyager ensemble en cas de
besoin.</div>
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Après une période indéterminée, une partie du groupe va se
détacher pour former une nouvelle famille. Cette séparation semble obéir à la
fois à des influences environnementales et sociales. Parmi ces influences, on
peut retenir la façon dont les membres de la famille s'entendent entre elles ou
la quantité de nourriture qui est disponible pour nourrir le groupe. Ainsi, il
est observé qu’en période de pénurie alimentaire, il est typique que les
familles se séparent afin de maximiser leurs possibilités de survie. Quand une
matriarche meurt, une de ses descendantes aînées prend la tête du troupeau.</div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="hps"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="hps">Chez l’éléphant, l’adolescence désigne le
moment où le sevrage est effectif jusqu’à l'âge de dix-sept ans. C’est la
période au cours de laquelle la croissance et la maturation finale ont connu
leurs plus grands changements. La structure de base des troupeaux est formée
pendant cette période du cycle de vie.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="hps">Cela inclut</span> <span class="hps">une mise
à distance</span> <span class="hps">progressive</span> <span class="hps">des jeunes</span>
éléphants mâles : ils sont alors poussés à passer plus de <span class="hps">leur
temps à l'extérieur</span> <span class="hps">du groupe familial</span>. Avec le
temps, ces mâles vont former un troupeau de célibataires, <span class="hps">qui
se déplacent</span> <span class="hps">sur de plus grandes</span> <span class="hps">distances que les femelles. Ces</span> <span class="hps">mâles</span> <span class="hps">continueront à</span> <span class="hps">se tailler une place</span> <span class="hps">au sein de</span> <span class="hps">groupes particuliers</span> <span class="hps">pour le reste de</span> <span class="hps">leur vie</span>.<span class="hps"> Les</span> <span class="hps">troupeaux de</span> <span class="hps">mâles</span>
vont <span class="hps">rejoindre les</span> <span class="hps">éléphants femelles</span>
<span class="hps">quand celles-ci sont en chaleur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="hps">Un autre</span> <span class="hps">élément clé
de</span> <span class="hps">l'adolescence</span> <span class="hps">est la maturité</span>
<span class="hps">sexuelle </span>: celle-ci <span class="hps">est atteinte</span>
<span class="hps">entre les</span> <span class="hps">âges de huit et</span> <span class="hps">treize ans.</span> <span class="hps">Cet</span> <span class="hps">éveil
sexuel</span> <span class="hps">permettra</span> à <span class="hps">l'éléphant</span>
<span class="hps">se reproduire.</span> <span class="hps">Pour</span> <span class="hps">le mâle, </span>cela signifie que <span class="hps">le début du</span> <span class="hps">musth</span> a lieu <span class="hps">entre</span> <span class="hps">quinze
et dix-huit</span> <span class="hps">ans : l'éléphant</span> <span class="hps">mâle rencontre alors</span> <span class="hps">le changement le plus</span>
<span class="hps">spectaculaire durant son cycle de vie. U</span>ne fois <span class="hps">commencé</span>, cet état <span class="hps">se produit</span> <span class="hps">généralement</span> <span class="hps">une fois par an</span>, <span class="hps">chez les éléphants</span> <span class="hps">en bonne santé</span>. <span class="hps">La période de</span> <span class="hps">musth</span> <span class="hps">a
tendance à durer</span> <span class="hps">environ trois mois</span>, en ne tenant
<span class="hps">pas compte de</span> <span class="hps">la période d'apparition et</span>
des <span class="hps">dernières années de la vie. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="hps">Quant aux femelles, elles</span> <span class="hps">restent</span> <span class="hps">au sein des troupeaux</span> <span class="hps">matriarcaux jusqu'à la mort</span>. <span class="hps">Pour</span> <span class="hps">les</span> <span class="hps">éléphants femelles</span>, <span class="hps">les années d'adolescence</span> vont <span class="hps">apporter des
changements</span> <span class="hps">qui favorisent</span> <span class="hps">l'instinct
maternel</span>. Ainsi, on observe que l<span class="hps">es</span> <span class="hps">femelles commencent à</span> <span class="hps">prendre</span> <span class="hps">un vif intérêt</span> pour <span class="hps">les nouveau-</span>nés <span class="hps">: cet apprentissage leur </span>permet d’acquérir <span class="hps">le contact</span>
<span class="hps">social qui</span> <span class="hps">sera nécessaire</span> <span class="hps">quand elles auront à leur tour leurs propres éléphanteaux.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">L’éléphant est un herbivore. Quotidiennement, un éléphant adulte peut consommer 250 kilos de nourriture. Les quantités absorbées varient selon les espèces, les habitats et les saisons. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Par exemple, l’éléphant consomme plus de nourriture en saison des pluies. Le régime alimentaire des éléphants est constitué d’herbe, de fourrage, de fruits, de fleurs, de racines, de tubercules, d’écorces fraiches, de jeunes branches, de tendres pousses. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Il a besoin d’une quinzaine d’heures pour se nourrir. La recherche de nourriture se fait le matin, vers le soir et pendant la nuit. L’animal parcourt de longues distances, prenant soin de sélectionner les aliments qui lui seront d’un bon apport qualitatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Le système digestif des éléphants est peu performant. Plus de la moitié de la nourriture qu’il avale n’est pas bien digérée. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Il peut boire jusqu’à 100 litres d’eau par jour. L’éléphant aspire prés de 8 litres d’eau dans sa trompe et le verse dans sa bouche. De telles quantités d’eau l’autorisent à rester 3 à 4 jours sans boire. Mais souvent, la matriarche connait tous les points d’eau et garantie ainsi la survie du troupeau.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">En bordure des zones forestières, son comportement alimentaire contribue à la régénération de l’écosystème. Certaines espèces de la flore dépendent des éléphants pour leur extension. Dans le ventre de l’animal, certaines graines d’espèces sont transportées et transformées. Les réactions chimiques de digestion assouplissent leur coque dure. Une fois rejetées par les crottins de l’éléphant, elles peuvent germer facilement. Comme l’éléphant se déplace beaucoup pour se nourrir, cette dissémination a lieu souvent bien loin de leur arbre ou plante d’origine. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dans les savanes, les troupeaux d’éléphants détruisent de nombreux arbres pour se nourrir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Il semble que les éléphants meurent vers 50 ou 60 ans ….. de faim. En effet, à cet âge, leurs molaires sont usées. Or celles-ci ne poussent que 4 fois dans leurs vies. Ainsi, les vieux éléphants n’arrivent plus à se nourrir correctement et dépérissent assez rapidement.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-90819090494127745182011-06-14T10:31:00.000-07:002011-06-14T10:31:30.722-07:00Reproduction et gestation chez l’éléphant<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>FR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Chez la femelle, la maturité sexuelle survient entre 9 et 15 ans. Pour le mâle, cela a lieu entre 10 et 15 ans. Cependant, la femelle débute l’accouplement vers 20 ans. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Les mâles commencent à se reproduire vers 30 ans. A cet âge, ils sont en mesure d’affronter d’autres mâles pour la conquête des femelles. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Chez les mâles en rut, une glande temporale secrète la frontaline. Selon l’âge de l’animal, la période de rut peut durer de quelques jours à quatre mois. Quand l’éléphant avance en âge, la période de rut s’allonge. Cette période pendant laquelle les mâles sont très agités est appelée Musth. Leur taux de testostérone peut augmenter jusqu’à 50 fois dans le sang. Ainsi, la sécrétion de frontaline renseigne sur la maturité et le statut social d’un mâle.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Du fait de la masse de l’éléphant mâle, l’accouplement dure au plus 30 secondes. La période de copulation est en moyenne de 3 jours.<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Le temps de gestation de l’éléphant est d’environ 22 mois. Le record pour les mammifères terrestres. De 22 à 24 pour l’éléphant d’Afrique et de 17 à 23 mois pour son cousin d’Asie. En moyenne, l’éléphante n’a de petits que toutes les 4 ou 5 années, car elle peut allaiter son petit jusqu’à 3 ans, voire plus. Un seul bébé éléphant est porté. L’éléphante porte rarement des jumeaux.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A la naissance, l’éléphanteau pèse en moyenne 120 kilos pour 1 m de hauteur. Nourri avec un lait très riche en lipides, le bébé éléphant peut grossir d’environ 1 kilo par jour. Il tète avec sa bouche la paire unique de mamelles pectorales de l’éléphante. Il boit facilement 10 litres de lait par jour.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A partir de 3 mois, il s’essaye à manger de l’herbe. Il va ensuite s’alimenter de plus en plus avec des végétaux, en parallèle avec son allaitement.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L’éléphanteau nait avec des défenses de lait. Lorsque les incisives définitives apparaissent, les défenses commencent alors à pousser. Elles ne seront visibles qu’à partir de 2 ans.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-80125602925577523442011-06-01T07:47:00.000-07:002011-06-01T07:47:41.740-07:00Les yeux et oreilles d’éléphants<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>FR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;">Les oreilles de l’éléphant ont plus un rôle de régulateur thermique que d’appareil pour l’audition.<span> </span></div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;">Pour communiquer, les éléphants utilisent beaucoup les infrasons. Cela leur permet de communiquer sur de grandes distances sans se voir. </div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;">L’oreille de l’animal est un vrai ventilateur, un éventail d’environ 1 mètre. Cela explique pourquoi celui d’Afrique en a de plus grandes que son cousin asiatique. Plus il vit dans un environnement chaud, plus les oreilles de l’éléphant sont grandes.</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;">Le phénomène de ventilation agit à deux niveaux. La peau de l’oreille est très mince. Elle est traversée par une multitude de vaisseaux sanguins. Cette vascularisation aide à réguler la température corporelle de l’animal. L’éléphant utilise également les battements réguliers de ses oreilles pour se rafraichir.</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Une bonne observation des oreilles de l’animal peut permettre d’estimer son age. Jusqu’à un certain âge, le lobe supérieur de l’oreille est tout droit. Avec l’âge, des replis apparaissent sur les pavillons de l’oreille. D’une largeur de prés de 2cm, chaque repli correspond à une tranche de 20 ans.</span></div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Chez les éléphants d’Asie, le vieillissement s’accompagne d’une décoloration des oreilles. Lentement, leurs extremités virent au rose. Il n’est pas rare que les bords inferieurs soient déchiquetés. Les blessures infligées par les branches et ronces de la forêt en seraient à l’origine.</span></div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Lorsque l’on observe un éléphant, rapporté à sa taille, ses yeux sont petits. L’éléphant fait partie des animaux qui ne distinguent pas les couleurs. Sa vision n’est pas des meilleures. Au-delà de 50 métres, il distingue moins les formes. Par contre, il arrive à distinguer les mouvements. Sa vision défaillante est alors complétée par son odorat très developpé et par son ouïe de qualité. </span></div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><span>L’éléphant a la particularité d’avoir trois paupiéres, une supérieure, une inférieure et une derniére qui lui protége l’iris. <span> </span></span></div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;"><span>De longs cils de prés de 3 cm sont visibles. Plus un éléphant veillit, plus son œil perd en limpidité. De même, les yeux des vieux éléphants larmoient assez souvent.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-53832148249228207422011-05-25T05:28:00.000-07:002011-05-25T05:28:38.641-07:00La trompe de l’éléphant<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>FR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L’éléphant se reconnait à sa trompe. Cet organe nasal préhensile provient de la fusion de la lèvre supérieure et du nez chez l’éléphant. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cette longue excroissance lui est d’une utilité de tous les jours. Elle sert à ramasser la nourriture et à la porter à la bouche. Elle sert également à manipuler des tas d’objets avec une grande aisance. Ainsi, un éléphant peut avec la même facilité ramasser une pièce de monnaie ou manœuvrer un objet pesant plus d’une centaine de kilos.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Au bout de la trompe de l’éléphant d’Afrique, on trouve deux appendices préhensiles alors que l’espèce asiatique ne dispose que d’un seul appendice. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Deux longs cylindres courent tout au long de la trompe depuis les fosses nasales. Au niveau des narines, ils sont couverts par un cartilage nasal de forme ovale.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Complètement dépourvue d’os, la trompe de l’éléphant peut peser plus de 100 kilos. Plus de 150 000 muscles lui assurent une mobilité étonnante. Ces muscles se partagent entre élévateurs et abaisseurs, mais aussi compresseurs. Toute cette puissance lui sert pour arracher des feuilles, mais aussi des arbres.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contrairement à ce que l’on peut croire, l’éléphant ne boit pas à travers sa trompe, mais s’en sert pour aspirer et porter l’eau à sa bouche. La trompe peut aspirer prés de 7 litres d’eau à la fois. Il peut autant servir comme chasse mouche que comme tuba lors des traversées de rivières.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C’est également un organe olfactif. Il permet d’émettre les barrissements et autres sons avec lequel l’animal communique avec les membres de son troupeau. Il fournit des renseignements à l’aide des odeurs transportées par le vent. Pour cela, l’animal le lève en l’air et arrive à capter les odeurs portées par son environnement immédiat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L’éléphant est un bon nageur, théorème d’Archimède oblige. Pour respirer, il tient sa trompe hors de l’eau à la manière d’un tuba.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C’est enfin une arme redoutable pour les grands mâles. Un grand mâle s’en sert comme massue pour étourdir les adversaires plus faibles lors des combats.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-337896222143271882011-05-23T02:51:00.000-07:002011-05-23T02:51:30.588-07:00L’éléphant est le plus gros animal terrestre.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">La masse énorme de l’éléphant détermine sa morphologie. C’est bien le plus gros animal terrestre. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Par exemple, son squelette représente environ 16,5% de la masse totale. Ainsi, le squelette pèsera 825 kilos pour un animal de 5 tonnes. Tous les os de son corps sont spongieux. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Le mâle adulte pèse 5 à 6 tonnes pour une hauteur au garrot de 3,50 mètres. La femelle est en moyenne à 3 mètres pour une masse d’environ 4 tonnes. La longueur de l’animal, trompe comprise est de 6 à 8 mètres.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Le « bébé» n’est pas en reste. Il pèse prés de 120 kilos à la naissance.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Un éléphant adulte peut consommer prés de 250 kilos d’herbe, de feuilles et de fourrage par jour. Pour boire, il lui faut prés de 100 litres d’eau.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L’éléphant est un pachyderme, c'est-à-dire avec une peau épaisse. Une couche cornée dure et épaisse recouvre le derme gris des éléphants. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pour protéger son épiderme des insectes et du soleil, il se roule dans la boue. Il s’asperge également de sable et de poussière après la baignade pour former une croute protectrice sur sa peau.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A la naissance, des poils assez longs et abondants recouvrent le bébé éléphant. Ils deviennent rares chez l’adulte, à l’exception du bout de la queue où ils forment une touffe.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L’éléphant a la particularité de marcher sur le bout des doigts. Il dispose de 2 à 5 orteils insérés dans le pied. A l’observation, seuls les ongles sont visibles. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Les pieds de devant ont une forme ronde, celles de derrière sont ovales. Des tissus élastiques en forme de coussinets servent de véritables amortisseurs sous les pieds. En cas de besoin, l’animal peut marcher à pas souples et feutrés.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Au trot, l’allure de l’animal est appelée l’amble. Il ne court pas au sens propre du mot, mais « accélère » son déplacement. Sa vitesse moyenne de déplacement est de 5 kms/h. L’animal peut se déplacer à une vitesse de prés de 20 km/h. Ceux qui ont pu observer un éléphant furieux charger peuvent témoigner à quel point cela est impressionnant.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">La durée de vie moyenne des éléphants est de 60 ans.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si l’éléphant ne peut pas sauter à la verticale, il n’est pas le seul animal, ni même le seul mammifère dans ce cas. L’escargot, mais également l’hippopotame ou le paresseux en sont incapables.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">À cause de sa masse, ce pachyderme doit toujours avoir un pied au sol. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lorsque le troupeau se déplace, les animaux marchent en file indienne, tous derrière la matriarche qui connait le territoire comme « sa poche ».</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8101780963401678046.post-68276078853129627092011-05-20T14:45:00.000-07:002011-05-20T14:45:32.213-07:00Les éléphants<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>FR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Les trois espèces d’éléphants.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trois espèces d’éléphants vivent dans le monde: l’éléphant de savane d’Afrique (</span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Loxodonta africana</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">), l</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’éléphant de forêt d’Afrique (</span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Loxodonta cyclotis</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">) et l</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’éléphant d’Asie (</span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Elephas maximus</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Les éléphants font partie de la famille des Éléphantidés. L’origine du mot éléphant est du grec<span> </span>« elephas » qui signifie ivoire. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tout au long de l’histoire de la vie sur Terre, les découvertes fossiles ont permis de dénombrer prés<span> </span>de 500 espèces de mammifères ayant une trompe, doté de peau rugueuse sans poil, pourvu ou pas de défenses à l’image de l’éléphant tel que nous le connaissons. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Les Mammouths aujourd’hui disparus font parties de cette famille de grands mammifères.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">L’éléphant de forêt d’Afrique, longtemps classé comme sous espèce de l’éléphant de savane est en réalité une espèce différente. L’éléphant de forêt est plus solitaire alors que celui de la savane vit au sein d’un troupeau mené par une matriarche.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">L’éléphant d’Afrique et l’éléphant d’Asie</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pour distinguer l’éléphant d’Afrique de son cousin d’Asie, il faut observer certains aspects de leur anatomie. Les différences majeures sont notées sur la taille au garrot,<span> </span>le bout de la trompe, les défenses et les oreilles. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">L’éléphant d’Afrique est plus grand et mesure entre 3, 5 mètres et 5 mètres. L’espèce asiatique est moins grande en moyenne d’1 mètre. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Comme autre différence, on constate que la trompe de l’éléphant d’Afrique dispose de deux lèvres à son extrémité. L’espèce asiatique a une seule lèvre supérieure. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tous les éléphants d’Afrique, mâles comme femelles, sont dotés de défenses. Elles sont creuses à l’intérieur et remplies de pulpe comme les dents de l’homme. Chez les éléphants d’Asie, les femelles n‘en ont pas ainsi que la moitié des mâles. Les défenses sont sans pulpe et plus courtes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ses oreilles sont beaucoup moins larges que celles de son cousin africain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Le front bombé des éléphants d’Asie est surplombé de deux bosses sur la tête. Enfin, leur dos est rond contrairement à leur cousin d’Afrique.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">La domestication de l’éléphant d’Asie</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">L’éléphant d’Asie a été domestiqué depuis prés de 5000 ans. Dés 10 ans, commence le dressage effectué par un cornac. Celui-ci s’en occupera jusqu’à la retraite de l’éléphant. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Le processus de domestication n’est pas sans souffrance. Certains animaux sont victimes de mauvais traitements. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dans les pays où on le retrouve, Inde, péninsule indochinoise, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, il était utilisé comme monture pour les parties de chasse, au tigre notamment. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Il sert également dans l’industrie forestière. Dans ces forêts denses où l’exploitation est assez rudimentaire, ils remplacent les machines. Leur nombre est estimé à plus de 10 000.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Actuellement, des sanctuaires abritent des éléphants peintres. Grâce à la vente de leurs peintures, les refuges peuvent être entretenus et les animaux y vivre confortablement.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Des animaux protégés.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">La plus grande menace pour la survie des éléphants est l’action humaine. Ainsi, le commerce de l’ivoire a conduit à des massacres à grande échelle des éléphants en Afrique.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Les éléphants font l’objet de programmes de protection. Le commerce international de l’ivoire tiré de leurs défenses est interdit depuis 1989 par la convention de Washington. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mais des trafics existent toujours, à destination essentiellement de l’Asie. Une industrie de transformation d’ivoire y est active depuis des décennies. Des saisies encore sont effectuées dans des pays africains et des trafiquants arrêtés. </span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0